Host operating system (host OS). This is the operating system of the physical computer on which VirtualBox was installed. There are versions of VirtualBox for. The gSOAP tools provide an automated SOAP and XML data binding for C and C++ based on compiler technologies. The tools simplify the development of SOAP/XML Web. Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core Abstract. The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an application profile of the Extensible. · A Certificate could not be found that can be used with this Extensible Authentication Protocol.
Network Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Protocols: Part Two - The Internet Protocol Journal - Volume 1. No. 2. Network. Authentication, Authorization. Accounting. has been used since before the days of the Internet as we know it today. Authentication asks the question, "Who or what are you?" Authorization asks, "What are you allowed to do?" And finally, accounting wants to know, "What did you do?" These fundamental security building blocks are being used in expanded ways today. The first part of this two- part series focused on the overall concepts of AAA, the elements involved in AAA communications, and high- level approaches to achieving specific AAA goals. It was published in IPJ Volume 1.
No. 1 [0]. This second part of the series discusses the protocols involved, specific applications of AAA, and considerations for the future of AAA. AAA Protocols. Although AAA is often thought of as the exclusive province of the.
Remote Authentication Dial- In User Service. RADIUS) protocol, in reality a range of protocols is involved at various stages of the AAA conversation. This section introduces these AAA protocols, organized according to the parties involved in the communication. We divide AAA communications into the following categories: Client to.
Policy Enforcement Point. PEP), PEP to. Policy Decision Point. PDP), Client to PDP, and PDP to. Policy Information Point. PIP). For easy reference, the AAA flow diagram from Part One of this article is reproduced here. Please refer to Part One [0] for the explanatory text associated with the diagram. Figure 1: A Client Connects to a AAA- Protected Network (from Part One).
Client to PEP. AAA communications between the client and the PEP can travel at Layer 2 of the OSI model, or they can run at higher layers, relying on lower layers as essentially dumb transport. The most common protocols for client- to- PEP communication are the. Point- to- Point Protocol. PPP) [1]. PPP over Ethernet. PPPo. E) [2], IEEE 8.
X [3]. IP Security. IPsec). Secure Sockets Layer. SSL) VPN, and. Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP), each of which is discussed in this article. PPP, the standard protocol for communicating across point- to- point links, includes an optional authentication step—the point at which the AAA element is introduced. During this authentication phase, protocols such as the.
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. CHAP) can be used to identify the client to the PEP. These protocols were discussed in the credential section of Part One of this article.) PPP is extensively used in dialup access but is otherwise not found in modern AAA. PPPo. E, an adaptation of PPP to run over Ethernet, is used by many service providers rolling out broadband services. PPPo. E allows the broadband endpoint to authenticate itself to the service provider's network when making the initial connection.
Because many broadband networks use shared Ethernet mediums, PPPo. E allows. Internet Service Providers. ISPs) to maintain the per- user accounting they were familiar with from dialup. The 8. 02. 1. X protocol is an IEEE standard specifying a way to provide network access control at the port level for wired and wireless networks.
The 8. 02. 1. X standard specifies a way for the client to communicate with the PDP using the. Extensible Authentication Protocol. EAP) [4], which is discussed in more detail later in this section.
The 8. 02. 1. X standard requires that the endpoint support 8. X through a "supplicant" or client sign- on application. This application authenticates the client to the network through the PEP. See the EAP section later in this article for an explanation showing how EAP and 8.
X can work together.). For wireless networks, 8. X has become the standard way of authenticating clients because it supports communicating unique key material to the client to secure its use of the wireless infrastructure. In wired Ethernet networks, 8. X is rising in popularity as a way to authenticate clients as well. These applications are more fully described in the "AAA Applications" section, later in this article. At a more generic level, the IPsec protocol has established a standard for securing IP communications, and this approach has become another common method of communicating from a client to a PEP (referred to as a.
VPN Gateway. from an IPsec perspective). The initial authentication for IPsec communications uses the. Internet Key Exchange. IKE) protocol. Version 1 [5] of the IKE protocol had no built- in method for authenticating users with credentials such as passwords, so an extension to IKE called XAUTH [6] was proposed.
XAUTH never became an official standard (though it certainly was a de facto one) because the IETF IPsec working group created a second version of IKE [7] that used EAP as a transport for credentials such as passwords. Finally, in the areas of HTTP and VPN communications, the SSL and. Transport Layer Security. TLS) [2. 8] standards are two closely related protocols for securing, among other things, Web communications. SSL/TLS VPNs use these protocols to create a secure session from the client to the PEP (VPN gateway). Client authentication with SSL and TLS can be done with client- side certificates, but more commonly they use passwords or. One- Time Passwords.
OTPs). PEP to PDP. The three main protocols for communicating between a PEP and a PDP are. TACACS+. [9], RADIUS, and.
Diameter. [1. 0]. First, consider TACACS+: Developed by Cisco, TACACS+ is a proprietary protocol that is used primarily in communicating administrator authorizations for network devices. TACACS+ uses TCP port 4. TACACS+ message. Though developed by Cisco, TACACS+ is supported by other companies as well, including Juniper.
Although TACACS+ excels at command- level authorizations and accounting for administrator control, another protocol has become far more common for client AAA: RADIUS. Thanks to nearly ubiquitous support for this protocol in network hardware, RADIUS is the primary protocol for communication between a PEP and a PDP in most environments. RADIUS uses the. User Datagram Protocol. UDP) port 1. 81. 2 for authentication and authorization and UDP port 1.
RADIUS supports numerous different attributes for communicating information back and forth from the PEP to the PDP, such as client MAC address, username, filter information for enforcement, and so on. It also supports an extensible framework for. Vendor- Specific Attributes. VSAs), which allow extensions of the functions of RADIUS to support whatever elements a given PEP might need to best serve its role on the network. For example, a PEP manufacturer might support VSAs that allow the assignment of a user to a particular enforcement profile. RADIUS in its default implementation encrypts only the Password field of RADIUS messages, making the RADIUS protocol more prone to leaking information that could be used by an adversary.
Both RADIUS and TACACS+ are secured by only a shared secret that is configured on both the PEP and the PDP. Finally, consider the Diameter protocol. Diameter (the name is a play on words from RADIUS) is the next- generation, de jure standard for AAA. It supports stronger security through either IPsec or TLS and greater extensibility than RADIUS. It uses port 3. 86.
TCP or the. Stream Control Transmission Protocol. SCTP) [1. 1]. The strongest use of Diameter to date is in the carrier space, where it provides AAA for call processing and. G) mobile networks. However, the corporate market has been fairly reluctant to embrace Diameter, and that reluctance has translated into a lack of support for Diameter in corporate network infrastructure equipment. At this point in the discussion, it makes sense to compare RADIUS and Diameter.
Although Diameter is an obvious alternative, RADIUS continues to be used in both new and existing deployments, so the IETF has a working group specifically formed to extend RADIUS in the future. The relationship between RADIUS and Diameter is a little like the relationship between IPv. IPv. 6. IPv. 6 had IPsec as a standard feature, IPv. IPsec as well, and today, by a large margin, most IPsec deployments are on IPv. The situation is similar with AAA.
RADIUS certainly had limitations, but since Diameter entered the picture, RADIUS has been extended to address some of those shortcomings, particularly with both protocols using EAP as a transport. The result is that RADIUS today does what most people want.
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